~553 CE
Birth of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
The Prophet's ﷺ father is born. He would die before the Prophet's birth, during a trade journey to Madinah.
حياة النبي ﷺ
Life of the Prophet ﷺ
102 events
~569 CE
Aam al-Fil
Year of the Elephant
Abraha al-Ashram marches from Yemen with an army and elephants to destroy the Ka'bah. Allah destroys them with flocks of birds carrying stones of baked clay (Surah Al-Fil).
~570 CE
12th Rabi' al-Awwal
Birth of Muhammad ﷺ
Born on Monday in the clan of Banu Hashim of Quraysh in Makkah. His father Abdullah had already passed away months earlier during a trade journey.
~570 CE
Naming & Aqiqah
His grandfather Abd al-Muttalib names him Muhammad ('the praised one') — a name virtually unknown among the Arabs. His aqiqah (birth sacrifice) is performed.
~570–574 CE
Nursing by Halimah al-Sa'diyyah
The infant Muhammad ﷺ is given to Halimah bint Abi Dhu'ayb of Banu Sa'd for nursing in the desert, as was Arab custom for strengthening children.
~573 CE
The Opening of the Chest (Shaqq al-Sadr)
Two angels open the young Muhammad's ﷺ chest, remove the portion of Shaytan, wash his heart with Zamzam water, and return it. Halimah returns him to his mother in alarm.
~576 CE / age ~6
Death of His Mother Aminah
Aminah bint Wahb dies at Abwa' during the return journey from visiting relatives in Madinah. The young Muhammad ﷺ is taken in by his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib.
~578 CE / age ~8
Death of Abd al-Muttalib
His loving grandfather dies. His uncle Abu Talib, chief of Banu Hashim, takes over guardianship and raises him as his own.
~583 CE / age ~12
First Journey to Syria with Abu Talib
The young Muhammad ﷺ travels with his uncle on a trade caravan to Syria. The Christian monk Bahira in Bosra recognizes signs of prophethood in him and warns Abu Talib to protect him.
~587–589 CE
Harb al-Fijar (The Sacrilegious War)
A series of battles between Quraysh (allied with Kinanah) and Qays Aylan. The young Muhammad ﷺ is present but reportedly only collects arrows.
~590 CE / age ~20
Hilf al-Fudul (Pact of the Virtuous)
Muhammad ﷺ participates in an alliance pledging to protect the oppressed, ensure justice for strangers, and defend the rights of the weak in Makkah. He later praised this pact in Islam.
~591–594 CE
Working as a Shepherd & Trader
Muhammad ﷺ works as a shepherd tending flocks around Makkah — a common occupation of prophets. He later manages trade for Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.
~595 CE / age ~25
Second Journey to Syria — Trading for Khadijah
Khadijah sends Muhammad ﷺ with her servant Maysarah on a trading expedition to Syria. His honesty and the miraculous blessings of the journey deeply impress her.
~595 CE / 28 BH
Rajab
Marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Muhammad ﷺ (age 25) marries Khadijah (age 40), a respected and wealthy businesswoman. She bears him 6 children: Qasim, Abdullah, Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah.
~600 CE
Birth of Fatimah
Fatimah, the youngest daughter of the Prophet ﷺ and Khadijah, is born. She becomes the most beloved of his children and the ancestor of his lineage.
~605 CE / age ~35
Rebuilding of the Ka'bah & the Black Stone Dispute
After a flood damages the Ka'bah, Quraysh rebuilds it. Muhammad ﷺ resolves the dispute over placing the Black Stone by having each clan hold a corner of the cloth while he places the stone.
~608–610 CE
Seclusion in Cave Hira
In the years before prophethood, Muhammad ﷺ increasingly withdraws to Cave Hira on Jabal al-Nur for contemplation (tahannuth), spending days in solitude away from Makkan idolatry.
610 CE / 13 BH
21st Ramadan
First Revelation — Iqra' (Surah Al-Alaq 1–5)
Angel Jibreel appears in Cave Hira and commands: 'Read! In the name of your Lord who created.' Muhammad ﷺ returns trembling to Khadijah, who reassures him. She is the first to believe.
~610 CE
Pause in Revelation (Fatrat al-Wahy)
Revelation pauses for a period (reported as 6 months to 3 years). The Prophet ﷺ becomes anxious until Surah al-Muddaththir is revealed, commanding him to 'Arise and warn.'
~610 CE
First Believers
The first to accept Islam: Khadijah (wife), Abu Bakr (friend), Ali ibn Abi Talib (cousin, age ~10), Zayd ibn Harithah (freed servant). Islam spreads secretly.
~610–613 CE
Secret Da'wah & Dar al-Arqam
For ~3 years, the Prophet ﷺ calls to Islam privately. About 40 early Muslims meet secretly at the house of Al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam near Mount Safa to learn the Qur'an.
~613 CE / 10 BH
Public Da'wah Begins — Mount Safa
Allah commands: 'Warn your closest relatives' (26:214). The Prophet ﷺ climbs Mount Safa and calls Quraysh to Islam. Abu Lahab curses him; Surah al-Masad is revealed in response.
~613–614 CE
Quraysh Persecution Begins
Quraysh intensifies opposition. The weak and enslaved are targeted: Bilal is tortured under boulders by Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Sumayyah bint Khayyat is martyred — the first martyr in Islam. Her husband Yasir also dies from torture.
~614 CE
Abu Bakr Purchases & Frees Bilal
Abu Bakr spends his wealth to free Bilal and several other enslaved Muslims being tortured for their faith.
615 CE / 8 BH
Rajab
First Migration to Abyssinia (Habasha)
11 men and 4 women emigrate to the Christian kingdom of Abyssinia under An-Najashi (Negus) to escape persecution. This is the first hijrah in Islam.
~615 CE
Second Migration to Abyssinia
A larger group of ~83 men and 18 women emigrate. Quraysh sends Amr ibn al-As and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'ah to demand their return, but An-Najashi refuses after hearing Surah Maryam.
~615 CE / 8 BH
Conversion of Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Hamzah accepts Islam after Abu Jahl insults the Prophet ﷺ. His conversion gives enormous strength to the Muslim community — he earns the title 'Lion of Allah.'
~616 CE / 6 BH
Conversion of Umar ibn al-Khattab
Umar sets out to kill the Prophet ﷺ but first goes to his sister Fatimah's house, where he hears Surah Ta-Ha. Deeply moved, he goes to the Prophet ﷺ and accepts Islam. The Muslims now pray openly at the Ka'bah.
616–619 CE / 7–4 BH
Boycott of Banu Hashim (Shi'b Abi Talib)
Quraysh imposes a total social, economic, and marriage boycott on Banu Hashim, confining them to a valley for ~3 years. They eat leaves and leather from hunger. The pact is miraculously eaten by termites.
619 CE / 4 BH
Ramadan
Death of Khadijah — 10th Year of Prophethood
Khadijah, the Prophet's ﷺ most beloved wife and first believer, dies at age ~65 after 25 years of marriage. He never fully recovered from her loss.
619 CE / 4 BH
Shawwal
Death of Abu Talib
Abu Talib, the Prophet's ﷺ uncle and protector, dies — refusing to accept Islam on his deathbed despite the Prophet's ﷺ desperate plea. This year is called 'Aam al-Huzn' (Year of Sorrow).
Late 619 CE
Marriage to Sawdah bint Zam'ah
After Khadijah's death, the Prophet ﷺ marries Sawdah, a widow who had returned from Abyssinia. She provides companionship and care for his household.
619 CE
Shawwal
Journey to Ta'if
The Prophet ﷺ travels to Ta'if seeking support but is pelted with stones until his sandals fill with blood. He refuses the Angel of the Mountains' offer to crush them between the two mountains.
620 CE / 3 BH
27th Rajab
Al-Isra wal-Mi'raj (Night Journey & Ascension)
The Prophet ﷺ is taken from Masjid al-Haram to Masjid al-Aqsa (Isra), then ascends through the seven heavens meeting previous prophets (Mi'raj). The five daily prayers are prescribed, reduced from 50 through Musa's advice.
621 CE / 2 BH
Dhul-Hijjah
First Pledge of Aqabah
12 men from Yathrib (Madinah) — 10 from Khazraj, 2 from Aws — pledge allegiance to the Prophet ﷺ. They pledge to worship Allah alone, avoid sin, and not kill their children.
621 CE
Mus'ab ibn Umayr Sent to Madinah
The Prophet ﷺ sends Mus'ab as the first ambassador and teacher of Islam to Madinah. Mus'ab's da'wah is so effective that Islam enters nearly every household.
622 CE / 1 BH
Dhul-Hijjah
Second Pledge of Aqabah
73 men and 2 women from Yathrib pledge to protect the Prophet ﷺ as they would their own families, and to fight in defense of Islam. They pledge at night in secret from Quraysh.
~June–September 622 CE
Muslims Emigrate to Madinah
Muslims begin secretly emigrating to Madinah in small groups. Quraysh tries to prevent them. Only the Prophet ﷺ, Abu Bakr, Ali, and a few others remain in Makkah.
26th Safar / ~September 622 CE
Quraysh Plot to Assassinate the Prophet ﷺ
At a meeting in Dar al-Nadwah, Quraysh agrees on Abu Jahl's plan: one man from each clan will strike simultaneously so blame is shared. Jibreel warns the Prophet ﷺ.
622 CE / 1 AH
27th Safar
The Hijrah Begins — Cave of Thawr
The Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr leave Makkah at night. Ali sleeps in the Prophet's ﷺ bed as a decoy. They hide in the Cave of Thawr for 3 days while Quraysh searches. A spider spins a web and a dove nests at the entrance.
8th Rabi' al-Awwal / ~23 September 622 CE
Arrival at Quba
The Prophet ﷺ arrives at Quba on the outskirts of Madinah after an 8-day journey. He stays for 4 days (or 14 days in some reports) and builds Masjid Quba — the first mosque in Islam.
1 AH / ~27 September 622 CE
12th Rabi' al-Awwal
Arrival in Madinah
The Prophet ﷺ enters Madinah to an ecstatic welcome. His she-camel kneels at the land of two orphan boys — the site chosen for Masjid an-Nabawi.
1 AH / 622 CE
Building of Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
The Prophet's Mosque is built with palm trunks and mud bricks. The Prophet ﷺ carries bricks alongside his Companions. His apartments for his wives are built adjoining the mosque.
1 AH / 622 CE
The Adhan is Established
Abdullah ibn Zayd and Umar both see the adhan in a dream. The Prophet ﷺ confirms it and appoints Bilal as the first mu'adhin. The Adhan of Madinah has been continuous since.
1 AH / 622 CE
Brotherhood (Al-Mu'akhah)
The Prophet ﷺ pairs each Muhajir (emigrant from Makkah) with an Ansari (helper from Madinah), establishing bonds of social solidarity, inheritance, and mutual support.
1 AH / 622 CE
The Sahifah (Constitution of Madinah)
The Prophet ﷺ drafts the Sahifah — a document establishing rights and duties for all inhabitants: Muslims, Jews, and other groups. It is one of the earliest constitutional documents in history.
1 AH / 622 CE
The Suffah — Platform of Learning
Poor Companions who have no homes live on a raised platform (suffah) in the mosque. Abu Hurayrah is among them. The Prophet ﷺ teaches them and others bring them food.
2 AH / February 624 CE
Sha'ban
Change of Qiblah
While leading Dhuhr prayer at Masjid al-Qiblatayn, Allah commands the Muslims to turn from Jerusalem toward the Ka'bah in Makkah (Qur'an 2:144). The mosque is renamed 'Mosque of the Two Qiblahs.'
2 AH / March 624 CE
Sha'ban
Fasting in Ramadan Made Obligatory
The verses prescribing fasting during Ramadan are revealed (Qur'an 2:183–185). Zakat (obligatory charity) is also formalized in this period.
2 AH / March 624 CE
Ramadan
Expedition to Intercept Abu Sufyan's Caravan
The Prophet ﷺ sets out with ~313 Muslims to intercept a Qurayshi trade caravan returning from Syria. Abu Sufyan diverts the caravan, but Quraysh sends an army of ~1,000 anyway.
2 AH / 13 March 624 CE
17th Ramadan
Battle of Badr
313 Muslims with 2 horses and 70 camels defeat ~1,000 Qurayshi warriors with divine aid. 70 enemy killed (including Abu Jahl) and 70 captured. 14 Muslims martyred. Allah calls it 'Yawm al-Furqan' (Day of Criterion).
2 AH / April 624 CE
Shawwal
Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa
The Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa breaks their treaty by attacking a Muslim woman in the marketplace. After a 15-day siege, they are expelled from Madinah.
2 AH / 624 CE
Marriage to Aisha bint Abi Bakr
Aisha moves to the Prophet's ﷺ household in Madinah. She becomes the most knowledgeable woman in Islam, narrating over 2,200 hadiths.
3 AH / 624 CE
Birth of Hasan ibn Ali
Hasan, grandson of the Prophet ﷺ through Fatimah and Ali, is born. The Prophet ﷺ performs the aqiqah and gives him the adhan in his ear.
3 AH / 23 March 625 CE
7th Shawwal
Battle of Uhud
3,000 Quraysh vs 700 Muslims (after 300 hypocrites under Abdullah ibn Ubayy withdraw). Initial victory turns to reversal when 50 archers abandon their posts. 70 Muslims martyred including Hamzah. Mus'ab ibn Umayr also falls.
3 AH / 625 CE
Mutilation of Hamzah's Body
Hind bint Utbah mutilates Hamzah's body and chews his liver. The Prophet ﷺ is deeply grieved. Verses on patience and prohibition of mutilation are revealed.
4 AH / July 625 CE
Safar
Tragedy of Bi'r Ma'unah
70 Companions (qurra' — Quran reciters) are sent as teachers at the request of tribal leaders but are treacherously ambushed and massacred. The Prophet ﷺ makes qunut supplication against the perpetrators for a month.
4 AH / August 625 CE
Rabi' al-Awwal
Tragedy of Al-Raji'
Six Companions are sent as teachers. They are betrayed and sold to Quraysh. Khubaib ibn Adi is crucified in Makkah after praying 2 rak'ahs — the first to establish this sunnah before execution.
4 AH / August 625 CE
Rabi' al-Awwal
Expulsion of Banu Nadir
Banu Nadir plots to assassinate the Prophet ﷺ by dropping a boulder on him during a meeting. Jibreel warns him. After a siege, they are expelled, settling in Khaybar.
4 AH / 626 CE
Birth of Husayn ibn Ali
Husayn, the Prophet's ﷺ second grandson through Fatimah and Ali, is born. The Prophet ﷺ says: 'Husayn is from me and I am from Husayn.'
5 AH / January 627 CE
Sha'ban
Expedition of Banu Mustaliq (Ghazwat al-Muraysi')
The Prophet ﷺ defeats Banu Mustaliq. He marries Juwayriyyah bint al-Harith. The Ifk (slander) against Aisha occurs during the return journey; after a month of anguish, Allah reveals her innocence in Surah al-Nur (24:11-20).
5 AH / 627 CE
Revelation of Hijab
The verses of hijab are revealed (Qur'an 33:53, 33:59), establishing the Islamic dress code for Muslim women and etiquettes of interaction.
5 AH / March 627 CE
Shawwal
Battle of the Trench (Al-Khandaq/Al-Ahzab)
10,000 confederates (Quraysh + Ghatafan + others) besiege Madinah. Salman al-Farisi suggests the trench. The siege lasts ~27 days. Allah sends a freezing wind and unseen forces that scatter the enemy. No major battle occurs.
5 AH / April 627 CE
Dhul-Qa'dah
Siege of Banu Quraydhah
After Banu Quraydhah's betrayal during the Trench (breaking their treaty with the Muslims), they are besieged for 25 days. They ask to be judged by Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, who judges them according to the ruling of the Torah.
5 AH / 627 CE
Death of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh
The chief of Aws and hero of Badr dies from his wound reopening after judging Banu Quraydhah. The Prophet ﷺ says: 'The Throne of the Most Merciful shook at the death of Sa'd.'
6 AH / March 628 CE
Dhul-Qa'dah
The Prophet ﷺ Sets Out for Umrah
The Prophet ﷺ and ~1,400 Companions set out for Umrah in ihram with sacrificial animals, with no intention of war. Quraysh blocks their path at Hudaybiyyah.
6 AH / March 628 CE
Dhul-Qa'dah
Pledge of Ridwan (Bay'at ash-Shajarah)
When word comes that Uthman (sent as envoy) has been killed, the Companions pledge under an acacia tree to fight to the death. Allah declares: 'Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged to you under the tree' (48:18).
6 AH / March 628 CE
Dhul-Qa'dah
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
A 10-year truce is signed with terms that seem unfavorable to Muslims. Many Companions are upset, but Allah reveals: 'Indeed, We have given you a clear conquest' (48:1). Islam grows exponentially during the peace.
Late 6 AH / 628 CE
Letters to Kings and Rulers
The Prophet ﷺ sends letters inviting rulers to Islam: Heraclius (Byzantium — who privately acknowledges the truth), Chosroes (Persia — who tears the letter), Muqawqis (Egypt), An-Najashi (Abyssinia), and others.
7 AH / May 628 CE
Muharram
Conquest of Khaybar
The fortified Jewish stronghold of Khaybar (7 forts) is conquered over ~20 days. Ali is given the banner after two failed attempts by others. The poisoned sheep incident occurs — Zaynab bint al-Harith serves the Prophet ﷺ poisoned meat.
7 AH / 628 CE
Return of the Abyssinian Emigrants
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and the remaining Muslims in Abyssinia return after ~15 years of exile. The Prophet ﷺ says: 'I don't know which makes me happier — the conquest of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.'
7 AH / 628–629 CE
Marriage to Umm Habibah, Safiyyah, and Maymunah
The Prophet ﷺ marries Umm Habibah bint Abi Sufyan (in Abyssinia, via proxy), Safiyyah bint Huyayy (after Khaybar), and Maymunah bint al-Harith (during Umrat al-Qada). His marriages now total eleven.
7 AH / March 629 CE
Dhul-Qa'dah
Umrat al-Qada (The Compensatory Umrah)
The Muslims perform their makeup Umrah as agreed in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, entering Makkah peacefully for 3 days. Quraysh watches from the hilltops.
8 AH / September 629 CE
Jumada al-Ula
Battle of Mu'tah
First Muslim engagement against the Byzantine Empire in modern Jordan. 3,000 Muslims vs ~100,000+ Romans and allied Arabs. Zayd ibn Harithah, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, and Abdullah ibn Rawahah are martyred in succession. Khalid ibn al-Walid takes command and saves the army.
8 AH / June 629 CE
Safar
Conversion of Khalid ibn al-Walid & Amr ibn al-As
The legendary military commanders Khalid ibn al-Walid and Amr ibn al-As, along with Uthman ibn Talhah, travel to Madinah and embrace Islam.
8 AH / December 629 CE
Sha'ban
Quraysh Breaks the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Quraysh's allies (Banu Bakr) attack the Prophet's ﷺ allies (Banu Khuza'ah) with Qurayshi help, violating the treaty. Khuza'ah appeals to the Prophet ﷺ for help.
8 AH / 1 January 630 CE
10th Ramadan
March on Makkah — 10,000 Muslims
The Prophet ﷺ sets out from Madinah with 10,000 Muslims in the largest Muslim army to date. Abu Sufyan comes out to negotiate and accepts Islam.
8 AH / 11 January 630 CE
20th Ramadan
Conquest of Makkah (Fath Makkah)
The Prophet ﷺ enters Makkah with his head bowed in humility on his she-camel. He enters the Ka'bah and destroys 360 idols, reciting: 'Truth has come and falsehood has perished' (17:81). He grants general amnesty.
8 AH
20th Ramadan
The General Amnesty
Standing at the Ka'bah, the Prophet ﷺ asks Quraysh: 'What do you think I will do with you?' They reply: 'A noble brother, son of a noble brother.' He says: 'Go, for you are free.' Even Hind bint Utbah and Wahshi are forgiven.
8 AH / 27 January 630 CE
6th Shawwal
Battle of Hunayn
12,000 Muslims face the Hawazin and Thaqif confederacy in a valley near Ta'if. An ambush causes initial panic and rout. The Prophet ﷺ stands firm calling: 'I am the Prophet, no lie! I am the son of Abd al-Muttalib!' The Muslims rally and win decisively.
8 AH / February 630 CE
Shawwal
Siege of Ta'if
The Prophet ﷺ besieges the fortress city of Ta'if for ~20 days but withdraws without conquering it. He prays for their guidance. The people of Ta'if later accept Islam voluntarily the following year.
8 AH / February 630 CE
Shawwal
Distribution of Hunayn Spoils at al-Ji'ranah
The Prophet ﷺ distributes enormous spoils to the newly converted Makkans to win their hearts (mu'allafat al-qulub). The Ansar are initially hurt, but weep with love when the Prophet ﷺ chooses them over all worldly gain.
8 AH / March 630 CE
Dhul-Qa'dah
Umrah from al-Ji'ranah
The Prophet ﷺ performs Umrah from al-Ji'ranah near Makkah before returning to Madinah.
8 AH / 630 CE
Destruction of the Idols of Al-Lat, Al-Uzza, and Manat
The Prophet ﷺ sends expeditions to destroy the three chief idols of Arabia: Al-Uzza (by Khalid), Suwa' and Manat (by Ali/Sa'd), and later Al-Lat in Ta'if (by al-Mughirah).
9 AH / October 630 CE
Rajab
Expedition of Tabuk
The last military campaign led by the Prophet ﷺ. 30,000+ Muslims march ~700 km to the Byzantine border in extreme heat. No battle occurs as the enemy does not engage. The hypocrites and those who stayed behind are exposed (Surah al-Tawbah).
9 AH / 630 CE
The Three Who Were Left Behind
Ka'b ibn Malik, Murarah ibn al-Rabi, and Hilal ibn Umayyah — sincere believers who failed to join Tabuk — are boycotted for 50 days until Allah accepts their repentance (Qur'an 9:118).
9 AH / 630 CE
Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar
The hypocrites build a mosque to rival the Prophet's Mosque and plot against Islam. Allah exposes them (Qur'an 9:107–110) and the Prophet ﷺ orders it demolished.
630–631 CE / 9 AH
Year of Delegations (Aam al-Wufud)
Delegations from across Arabia — over 60 tribes — come to Madinah to accept Islam. Nearly all of the Arabian Peninsula unites under the banner of Tawheed. Surah al-Nasr references this.
9 AH / 631 CE
Delegation of Thaqif (Ta'if) Accepts Islam
The people of Ta'if, who had once stoned the Prophet ﷺ, send a delegation and accept Islam. They initially request to keep Al-Lat for 3 years, then 1 year, then 1 month — the Prophet ﷺ refuses all compromise on Tawheed.
9 AH / March 631 CE
Dhul-Hijjah
Abu Bakr Leads the Hajj
Abu Bakr leads the first Hajj organized by Muslims. Ali is sent after him to announce that no polytheist may perform Hajj after this year and no one may circumambulate the Ka'bah naked (Surah al-Tawbah 9:1-4).
10 AH / October 631 CE
Rajab
Death of Ibrahim, Son of the Prophet ﷺ
Ibrahim, the Prophet's ﷺ infant son by Mariyah al-Qibtiyyah, dies at ~18 months. The Prophet ﷺ weeps and says: 'The eyes shed tears, the heart grieves, but we say only what pleases our Lord.' A solar eclipse occurs that day; he forbids attributing it to any person's death.
10 AH / 23 February 632 CE
25th Dhul-Qa'dah
The Prophet ﷺ Sets Out for Hajj
The Prophet ﷺ leaves Madinah with over 100,000 Companions for what would be his only and final Hajj. He says: 'Learn your rituals from me, for I do not know if I will perform Hajj after this year.'
10 AH / 6 March 632 CE
9th Dhul-Hijjah
Day of Arafah — The Farewell Sermon (Khutbat al-Wada')
On the plain of Arafah, the Prophet ﷺ delivers his final sermon to 100,000+ pilgrims: 'All mankind is from Adam and Hawwa. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab... except by taqwa.' He asks: 'Have I conveyed?' They reply: 'Yes!' He says: 'O Allah, bear witness.'
10 AH
9th Dhul-Hijjah
Revelation: 'Today I Have Perfected Your Religion' (5:3)
On the Day of Arafah, the final verse completing the Shari'ah is revealed: 'This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as your religion.' Umar weeps, understanding it signals the Prophet's ﷺ approaching death.
10 AH / 7 March 632 CE
10th Dhul-Hijjah
Completion of Hajj Rituals
The Prophet ﷺ performs the stoning at Jamarat al-Aqabah, sacrifices his animals, shaves his head, and performs Tawaf al-Ifadah — teaching every step of Hajj by his example.
11 AH / May 632 CE
Safar
The Prophet ﷺ Prepares Usama's Army
The Prophet ﷺ appoints 18-year-old Usama ibn Zayd to lead an army to the Byzantine border (Mu'tah region). Some object to his youth; the Prophet ﷺ defends him as he had defended his father Zayd before him.
11 AH / Late May 632 CE
Late Safar
Beginning of the Final Illness
The Prophet ﷺ falls ill with severe fever and headache. He visits the graves of Uhud's martyrs and Jannat al-Baqi, saying farewell. He says: 'I have been given the choice between this world and the Hereafter, and I have chosen the Hereafter.'
11 AH
Late Safar–Rabi' al-Awwal
Final Instructions & Prayers
As illness worsens, the Prophet ﷺ asks to be nursed in Aisha's room. He leads prayers until he is too weak, then appoints Abu Bakr to lead. He warns: 'Do not take graves as places of worship.' He frees all his slaves and gives away his last coins in charity.
8th Rabi' al-Awwal, 11 AH
Thursday
The Prophet ﷺ's Last Public Appearance
The Prophet ﷺ draws aside the curtain of Aisha's apartment during Fajr prayer led by Abu Bakr, and smiles at the sight of the rows of worshippers. The Companions are overjoyed, thinking he has recovered.
12th Rabi' al-Awwal, 11 AH / 8 June 632 CE
Monday
Death of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
In the forenoon (duha), with his head in Aisha's lap, the Prophet ﷺ dips his hand in water, wipes his face, and says: 'O Allah, (I choose) the highest companion (al-Rafiq al-A'la).' His hand drops and his soul departs. He is 63 years old.
12th Rabi' al-Awwal, 11 AH
Monday
Abu Bakr's Address After the Prophet's ﷺ Death
Umar, in shock, threatens anyone who says the Prophet ﷺ has died. Abu Bakr enters, kisses the Prophet's ﷺ forehead, then addresses the people: 'Whoever worshipped Muhammad, Muhammad has died. Whoever worshipped Allah, Allah is Ever-Living and does not die' (Qur'an 3:144).
13th–14th Rabi' al-Awwal, 11 AH
Tuesday/Wednesday
Burial of the Prophet ﷺ
The Prophet ﷺ is washed by Ali, Abbas, and his sons. He is buried in Aisha's apartment — where he died — following the hadith: 'Prophets are buried where they die.' His grave remains in the same spot in Masjid an-Nabawi to this day.